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Welcome to my laboratory, located sometimes on my desktop, sometimes out in the field. The subject is geography, which includes Earth science and human interaction with the Earth, both mankind's impact on the Earth and the Earth's impact on mankind.

Previous Research

Previous research, from 2001 to 2005, was in partial fulfillment of the degree of Master of Science in physical science with Earth science emphasis and the Graduate Certificate in Geo-spatial Analysis, which included study of GIS (Geographic Information Systems) with special reference to analysis of data acquired by satellites. Both the degree and the certificate were conferred by Emporia State University in 2005.

This was my second master degree, the first being a Master of Arts with focus on economic geography, conferred by Miami University, Oxford Ohio in 1963. Why did I switch to physical science? Like most geographers, I have always been attracted by both physical and human aspects of geography. So I don't really consider my study of Earth science a switch: more like catching up with new discoveries about the Earth, like drifting continents and climate change, which were both taboo forty years ago. Of course in those days (c. 1960), the central part of North America had been cooling for 20 years and alarmists were projecting the start of a new ice age (A Significant "Hole" in "Unprecedented" 20th-Century Global Warming).


GIS refers to a computer-based system for capture, storage, retrieval, analysis and display of spatial (locationally defined) data. Example: In epidemiology, a GIS could be used to display malaria cases as points. Demographic and land-use data as well as roads (lines) could be added as separate layers. The demographic and land-use data would be shown as areas. The GIS could be used to analyse relationships among the data and thus guide public health managers. Geospatial analysis (GSA) uses many of the same techniques as GIS, but the emphasis is mainly on processing, interpretation and evaluation. While GIS is more map-based and uses points, lines and areas derived from ground-based data collection, GSA is more image-based and uses data gathered by remote-sensing, using satellites, aircraft, balloons and kites. The value of ground-based data may be greatly enhanced by remotely sensed data. Thus, the combination of primary ground-based data sources and secondary remotely-sensed data may be a more powerful analytical tool than either source used alone. Example: A set of satellite images may be used for classifying land-use and land-cover in a river basin. Ground-based data can be used to verify the classification. The land-use land-cover classification may then aid analysis of watersheds, irrigation schemes, canals, dams, and reservoirs, features that might be delineated using data from an existing GIS or data collected by ground surveys. If a GIS exists for land-use and land-cover, GSA can support periodic updating of the GIS.

Many years ago, as maps came to be generated from images collected by aerial photography and satellites, technological change began blurring the boundary between GIS and GSA data sources. Today, the main difference between GIS and GSA may be the end use: GIS for management purposes and GSA for scientific investigations, with practitioners using data and techniques that suit the task.


Some of the topics covered by my previous research:
  • The astronomical theory of climate change: Sundaland the Lost Continent
  • Use of satellite images to study landscapes of peninsular Malaysia
  • Satellite imagery and digital elevation mapping of Mount Shasta, a volcano in California
  • The Endla Mire Complex, a wetland in Estonia
  • Land use and land cover in Kedah State, Malaysia, fusing satellite optical and airborne radar data
  • Fort Cornwallis and the Town Hall, Penang: heritage sites recorded by kite aerial photography (KAP)
  • Emile Argand, a Swiss geologist who supported Wegener's theory of continental drift
  • Possible marine terraces and sea-level change since one million years BP, Sungai Ara, Penang, Malaysia
  • Urbanization since 1969 at Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
  • Was the Black Sea once a lake where Noah lived until the Flood? (According to two Columbia University scientists.)
  • Is the Earth still recovering from the Little Ice Age that began around 800 years ago?
  • The explosive eruption of the Toba volcano 70,000 years ago almost wiped out mankind. Where might our ancestors have found refuge?
  • In December 2004, the Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake killed over 300,000 people. Why did Malaysia not suffer as much as other countries in the region? A study of the impact of the tsunami on the west coast of Penang Island
  • Over thirty satellites have been imaging the Earth for more than thirty years. View my gallery of images.

Please note that some links are to web pages that have moved or ceased to exist. I am fixing these as I find them.

Future Research

My primary interest for future research is water resource management and climate phenomena that are related to water resources. This is my short-list of topics:
  • Water resources: How can governments and other stakeholders achieve sustainable management of lakes and reservoirs?
  • Aquaculture: Community participation in developing small-scale fisheries and aquaculture in coastal areas, lakes, reservoirs and irrigation schemes: a low-cost approach to income generation, improved nutrition, community empowerment and environmental governance.
  • Climate variability: Is the climate of Southeast Asia becoming more variable? If so, how much more variable is climate now compared with the past 50 to 150 years?
  • Paleo-climatology: What was the climate regime in Southeast Asia during the the Little Ice Age, Medieval Warm Period and earlier periods of climate change? Paleo-climatologucal data now exists for many tropical phenomena such as the Western Pacific Warm Pool, ENSO, and inter-tropical convergence, including proxy records of lacustrine, deep sea, and loess boreholes. These data have been used to build climate-change scenarios elsewhere. Could combining the data reveal possible regional scenarios for SE Asia?


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